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First Intermediate Period of Egypt

Era of decentralization between the Old and Middle Kingdoms with rival Herakleopolitan and Theban lines.

The First Intermediate Period (Dynasties 7–11, c. 2181–2055 BCE) ended when the Theban ruler Mentuhotep II defeated the rival Herakleopolitan Dynasty (10th Dynasty) and reunified Egypt c. 2055 BCE, inaugurating the Middle Kingdom.

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Further reading

• The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt Ian Shaw · 2000

  Covers the First Intermediate Period of decentralization.

• The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt Toby Wilkinson · 2010

  Comprehensive Egypt survey with substantial coverage of Predynastic/Naqada period; complements Shaw by same era, different author

• Manetho W.G. Waddell (trans.) · 1940

  Primary source — Manetho's king-lists and dynastic framework are essential for understanding the transition from Predynastic to Early Dynastic; Loeb Classical Library vol. 350

Sources

• First Intermediate Period of Egypt — Wikipedia