Homeland and tribal confederation of the continental (non-migrating) Saxons between the Elbe, Weser, and North Sea, organized in a decentralized network of clans/gaue without a king, distinct from the Anglo-Saxons who migrated to Britain.
Conquered after prolonged resistance in the Saxon Wars (772-804 CE) waged by Charlemagne, including the mass killing at Verden (782) and forced mass resettlement; incorporated into the Carolingian/Frankish realm and Christianized.
The atlas holds 3 border frames for Old Saxony (continental Saxons, pre-Frankish conquest) — the shape you scrub through changes in 300 · 400 · 550.
Charlemagne's wars against the continental Saxons of Old Saxony.