Breakaway Chechen state in the North Caucasus that held de facto independence from Russia for most of the 1990s, from the revolution of 1991 to the Russian reconquest of 2000.
Subsumed by Russia after the Second Chechen War: Russian forces took Grozny in February 2000 following a siege begun in December 1999, and Moscow imposed direct rule in May 2000. The Ichkerian government has continued in exile since.
The standard account of the first war and of how Chechen resistance exposed the collapse of Russian state power.
An ethnographer’s study of Chechen society through the wars, by the former Russian minister for nationalities.
Analyses both wars and the separatist bid in the wider frame of post-Soviet disintegration.
Reporting from the ground during the independence years, set against the long Caucasus history of resistance.
First-hand dispatches from the second war by the reporter who covered it at the cost of her life.